Journal of Bionic Engineering (2024) 21:924–937 https://doi.org/10.1007/s42235-023-00458-3 

The Efect of Spironolactone Loading on the Properties of 3D?Printed Polycaprolactone/Gold Nanoparticles Composite Scafolds for Myocardial Tissue Engineering 

Sharareh Ghaziof1  · Shahrokh Shojaei2  · Mehdi Mehdikhani3  · Mohammad Khodaei4  · Milad Jafari Nodoushan5

1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 1469669191, Iran 2 Stem Cells Research Center, Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 1469669191, Iran 3 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 8174673441, Iran 4 Materials Engineering Group, Golpayegan College of Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Golpayegan 87717-67498, Iran 5 Hard Tissue Engineering Research Center, Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 1469669191, Iran

AbstractEngineered cardiac constructs (ECC) aid in the progression of regenerative medicine, disease modeling and targeted drug delivery to adjust and aim the release of remedial combination as well as decrease the side efects of drugs. In this research, polycaprolactone/gold nanoparticles (PCL/GNPs) three-dimensional (3D) composite scafolds were manufactured by 3D printing using the fused deposition modeling (FDM) method and then coated with gelatin/spironolactone (GEL/SPL). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FTIR–ATR) were applied to characterize the samples. Furthermore, drug release, biodegradation, behavior of the myoblasts (H9C2) cell line, and cytotoxicity of the 3D scafolds were evaluated. The microstructural observation of the scafolds reported interconnected pores with 150–300 ?m in diameter. The 3D scafolds were degraded signifcantly after 28 days of immersion in stimulated body fuid (SBF), with the maximum rate of GEL- coated 3D scafolds. SPL release from cross-linked GEL coating demonstrated the excess of drug release over time, and according to the control release systems, the drug delivery systems (DDS) went into balance after the 14th day. In addition, cell culture study showed that with the addition of GNPs, the proliferation of (H9C2) was enhanced, and with GEL/SPL coating the cell attachment and viability were improved signifcantly. These fndings suggested that PCL/ GNPs 3D scafolds coated with GEL/SPL can be an appropriate choice for myocardial tissue engineering. 

Keywords Polycaprolactone · Gold nanoparticles · Drug delivery systems · Spironolactone · Cell behavior · Myoblasts